Scientific Performance

IBYXO - We always see a lot of living things on the surface of this earth and very diverse, ranging from large & small to those that cannot be seen with our senses.

However, living things that cannot be seen with our senses can actually be studied in several ways in scientific performance, here is the explanation.

A. Scientific Work

If someone wants to know something through observation, it will not work well if the observation is made without going through planned and systematic steps or methods to obtain information on biotic and abiotic natural phenomena. Biotics are living parts of nature, while abiotics are inanimate natural objects The most appropriate step or method used in observation is the scientific method. The scientific method is a tool to solve problems, find out the causes so that it has a reasonable and reliable conclusion. For this reason, the scientific method and scientific attitude are used by someone in making observations.

The steps of the scientific method are as follows: 

1. Finding problems and formulating problems.

2. Collecting information to solve the problem.

3. Developing conjectures or hypotheses to obtain temporary answers.

4. Testing conjectures by conducting trials or experiments.

5. Draw conclusions.

6. Testing conclusions by repeating the experiment.

Scientific attitudes that must be possessed by an observer include the following:

1. Love the truth 

This attitude encourages a person to be honest and objective. 

2. Not prejudiced 

Not thinking prejudicially is unkind and unreasonable. 

3. Be tolerant of others 

Knowledge is not absolutely perfect, so respecting other people's opinions can be used to improve, complement, refine knowledge and not force others. 

4. Tenacious 

Do not despair and always try to find the truth even though they often get nothing. 

5. Meticulous and careful 

Thorough in doing things and careful in drawing conclusions and expressing opinions.

6. Curiosity 

Curiosity is the starting point of knowledge by being encouraged to want to know more in doing something.

7. Optimistic 

Always optimistic because they are used to experiments or experiments.

In experiments there are factors that affect the experiment. These factors are called variables. 

There are four kinds of variables, namely: 

1. Independent variables or manipulative variables 

Independent variables are factors that are deliberately made different or changed. 

2. The dependent variable or response variable 

The dependent variable is the variable obtained by other variables. 

3. Control variables 

Control variables are those that must be controlled. 

4. Confounding variables 

Confounding variables are factors that can affect the results of the experiment, but cannot be predicted in advance.

From the observations made, results are obtained which are called data. There are two (2) kinds of data, namely: 

1. Qualitative data is data that is presented not in the form of numbers. 

2. Quantitative data is data presented in the form of numbers.

B. Microscope

In the 16th century, thanks to the discovery of a scientist, living things that could not be seen became visible using a tool. The tool is a microscope, which allows one to observe objects or living things that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Microscopes that are often used in schools are monocular or light microscopes (Latin: mono- one; oculus eye). This microscope is used with one eye, so that the visible image is only about the length and width of the object being observed. The object or objects to be observed with this microscope, must have a small size, thin so that it can be penetrated by light.

The microscope consists of two parts, namely:

1. Mechanical part 

The mechanical part consists of: 

a. The microscope foot serves to support the microscope. 

b. Pillar or inclination joint as a link between the foot and the microscope arm. 

c. Condenser regulator serves to pull down the condenser. 

d. The condenser serves to focus light on the object being observed. 

e. The microscope arm functions as a microscope handle. 

f. The drive hinge functions as a link between the arm and the microscope leg 

g. The preparation table serves to place the preparation to be observed. 

h. The preparation clamp or preparation holder functions to clamp the preparation to be observed so that it does not shift. 

i. The tube functions to connect between the objective lens and the ocular lens. 

j. Revolver serves to place the objective lens. 

k. The coarse turning screw serves to move the microscope tube quickly from top to bottom. 

i. The fine turning screw serves to move the tube up and down slowly. This tool is used if the object has been focused by turning the coarse player.

2. Optical section 

The optical section consists of: 

a. Two mirrors, namely a flat mirror and a concave mirror. 

The function of the mirror is to search, collect, and direct light on the observed object. Flat mirrors for light sources that are bright enough and concave mirrors for light sources that are less bright. 

b. Diaphragm, serves to regulate the amount of light reflected by the mirror to the eye. 

c. Objective lens, serves to enlarge the image of the object, located on the revolver. 

d. Ocular lens, serves to enlarge the image of the object, located at the top of the tube.

C. Work Safety

Have you ever made observations in the laboratory? What should you do? In observation is inseparable from experimental activities or experiments. Experiments are very interesting, but at the same time can also be dangerous. For that we must really understand and be able to treat tools and materials safely, so as to minimize the risk of accidents. What are the things that must be understood by someone who will conduct experimental activities? Well, check out the following explanation!

1. Laboratory tools and materials 

In the laboratory there are several types of tools and materials, as well as other laboratory equipment. Procurement of tools and materials must be treated according to needs. The need for laboratory tools and materials is based on the objectives to be achieved.

A tool is an object used in conducting practicum, experimentation and research activities. Material is an object that is studied or tested in practicum and experimentation. How are efforts made to prevent accidents to the tools and materials used? To prevent the occurrence of hazards from the tools and materials used, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points:

• Make it a habit to carry glass equipment in a vertical position using both hands, and do not carry it. 

• Use a suction pipette or rubber press with massage. 

• Do not look at the contents of the test tube from the hole, especially during or after heating. 

• Do not face the mouth of a test tube that is or has been heated towards another person's body. 

• Pay attention to the use of tools made of glass in heating activities. Heat resistant glass is pyrex. 

• Understand correctly in treating materials, especially chemicals. 

• Do not place bottles containing chemicals directly in the sun.

• Tools that rotate strongly should be placed in a sturdy place.

2. Harmful Chemicals 

There are chemicals that are harmful to humans, including:

a. Aluminum sulfate, 

White crystals, soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a substitute for alum.

b. Concentrated ammonia

Concentrated solution of ammonia gas in water, if exposed to skin and eyes can cause irritation. In the form of vapor can interfere with the respiratory system. Concentrated ammonia if swallowed is very dangerous.

c. Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is a colorless liquid substance, toxic and highly corrosive. Sulfuric acid can cause burns to the skin, eyes, and can damage clothing.

d. Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a liquid substance, is toxic, corrosive, and in vapor form can damage the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.

e. Ethanol

Ethanol is often called alcohol. Ethanol has flammable properties and is used as a solvent.

f. Formalin

Formalin is toxic, both liquid and gas. Formalin is used to kill pests.

g. Chlorophrome

Chloroform is a colorless liquid and is toxic. Chloroform is used as an anesthetic in the laboratory.

h. Methylin Blue 

Methylin is a dark blue solid substance. This chemical is used as a cell nucleus stain.

i. Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide is a white solid, easily absorbs water vapor, air, is toxic and corrosive. Sodium hydroxide is a hazardous material that can cause burns to the skin and eyes. 

j. Cobalt chloride

Cobalt chloride is a solid substance, red crystals, very easy to absorb water, and can bind water vapor. Cobalt chloride is used to test air humidity. 

k. Sodium Chloride

Sodium chloride is a white, crystalline solid. Sodium chloride is also called table salt.

3. Safety Symbols

There are chemicals that are dangerous. In order to be recognized, it is given a symbol. The symbols given indicate the nature of the chemicals contained therein.

Well, this is some information about the explanation of scientific performance that can be used as a reference, until here the science discussion this time.